Define Ornganizational behaviour as a system. (OB as a System)

 

A system is a group of interrelated parts acting together to accomplish a goal. An organization today is described as a system. It is viewed as a group of interrelated parts within  unified purpose. All system are composed of three elements input, process and output.

Similarly, OB also can be viewed from a systems perspective (approach). It is a social system. Organization achieve their goals by creating, operating and communicating an OB system. We present here the OB system (model) developed by S.P. Robbins.

 

OB system is composed of input, processes (throughputs), output and feedback mechanism. It also interacts with the external environmental forces.

1.      Inputs: They are also called the independent variables. They are the determinants of productivity, absenteeism, turnover, citizenship and job satisfaction. There are three categories of input variables, group level variables and organizational level variables. Individual working in organization are the building blocks for group formation. When group are combined together, they constitute (form) an organization. Each of them are independent in nature (for details also see ‘levels of OB analysis’ topic in this book).

 

2.      Processes: The input received by the individuals, groups and organization as a whole are processed together to bring the outputs (the dependent variables). Inputs received by an OB system are processed by:

 

·         Individual process variables (e.g. motivation, perception, learning decision making etc.

·         Group process variables (eg, group dynamics communication, leadership, power and politics, conflict process etc.)

·         Organizational process variables (e.g. HR policies and practices, interaction with external environment, formal organizational designs etc. For details also see 'contributing disciplines to the field of OB.)

 

3.      Outputs: They are also called the dependent variables. They are the key factors that OB

  wants to explain and predict. Here, we explain briefly each of these dependent

variables:

 

·         Productivity: One of the major concerns of OB is productivity, Productivity is an indicator of how much an organization is creating relative to its inputs. In other words, it is a measurement of performance that includes efficiency and effectiveness.

 

·         Absenteeism: Second major output variable of OB system absenteeism. It is defined as the intentional failure to go to the work high degree of worker absenteeism may result poor organizational productivity and vice versa.

·         Turnover: It is the third output or dependent variable of CB system It is something that occurs when people quit their jobs. It covers both voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization. A high level of employee turnover brings a low level of productivity and vice versa.

 

·         Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB): It is the extent to which an individual's behaviour makes a positive overall contribution to the organization. According to one expert, "OCB is discretionary behaviour that is not part of an employee's formal job requirements, but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization

 

 

·         Job satisfaction: It is the final dependent variable in an OB system, Job satisfaction is the amount of overall positive affect (or feelings)that individuals have toward their jobs. It represents an attitude rather than a behaviour. This variable is also important from organizational point of view because:

Satisfaction is negatively related to absenteeism and turnover (i.e., high level of job

satisfaction produces low level of employee absenteeism and turn over and vice versa.)

 

4.      Feedback: The feedback system measures outputs of OB process and feed into the system ( i.e., inputs and processing) to correct deviations and to achieve the desired behavioral results. So we can say that organizational behaviour is known as system and it has all those elements and parameters to be considered as system. 

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Define Organizational Behaviour. What is the need for studying OB(organizational Behaviour) ? Or importance of organizational behaviour.

Ogranizational Behaviour:

    Organizational Behaviour is the study and application of the human side of management. It is concerned with the study of human behaviour at work. It represents the behavioural approach to management, not the whole of management. OB is concerned with people's thoughts, feelings, emotions and actions in a work setting. OB has been defined differently by different behavioural scientists. Some important Definitions of OB are given below:

" OB is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behaviour within organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving and organization's effectiveness." @ Robbins 

"Organizational Behaviour is the study what people think, feel and do in and around organization."

@ McShane and Glinow

"Organizational Behaviour is directly concerned with the understanding, prediction and control of human behvaiour in organizations." @ Luthans

"Oranizational Behaviour is the study of Human behaviour in organizational settings, the interface between human behaviour and the organization and the organization itself."    @ Moorhead & Griffin

So we can say that organization's works get done through people individually or collectively, on their own or in collaboration with technology. therefore, The management of organizational behaviour is central to the management task- a task that involves the capacity to: 'Understand' behvarioural patterns of individuals, groups, and organizations (b) 'predict' what behaviour responses will be obtained by various managerial actions, and (c)  'control' finally to use this understanding and these predictions to achieve control is necessary.

What is need for studying OB(Organizational behaviour)? 

The importance of OB:

The filed of OB provide an understanding of why people behave as the do in organizations. OB seeks to shed light on the whole complex human factor in organizations by identifying causes and effects of that behaviour. The study of OB benefits us in several ways: Some of them are as follows:

1. Understand Organization and Employee in a better way: The study of OB helps us understand organizations and people in a better way. Friendly and cordial relationship between employee and organizations(managers) create a proper work environment in organizations. In this regard OB serves three purposes:

- what causes behaviour?

-Why particular antecedents (background) cause behaviour?

- Which antecedents of behaviour can be controlled directly and which are beyond control?

2. Motivate Employees : OB supports managers to motivate and encourage employees. Motivations brings good organizational performance. OB helps managers apply appropriate motivational tools and techniques in accordance with the nature of individual employees. OB considers Individual differences  a proper way.

Basic Features of Oriental and Occidental Economic Thought Hebrew, Hindu, Buddhist

Basically history of economic thought deals with many civilization and their economic activities, it is very important to know about the ancient economic practices of different civilization. According to our syllabus here we mainly focus on Hebrew, Hindu, and Buddhist economic thought, being part of eastern it is necessary to be learned about our exact way of economic activities. In modern economics it is hard to deal with current situation without passing through flash back. Here we read about basic features of Hebrew, Hindu and Buddhist  Economic Thought.

1. Hebrew Economic Thought

As going to back economic institutions, science of economics are started at hebrew times. It is considered as first civilization of the world. The period of hebrew is started before 2500 BC, so hebrew time is one of the birth period of economic activities in recorded form. One of the ancient and first economic activities were found on this civilization. The economic philosophy of the hebrew was very common. By the study of Hebrew economic thought we can find out the following basic features and characteristics of it. They are as follows:

a) Interest:

    During the period of Hebrew times humanity was greatly considered as a part of economic activities, poor people were away from interest because it is said that their borrowing purpose is for consumptions only. Hebrew people are not liable for interest of sum of amount, only stranger are liable to pay interest about their certain borrowings. By the time of Solomon rule was slightly modified and started to charge at lower rate. Security for loan was justified, it has certain rule. So Hebrew time and idea was quiet similar to hindu scholar thought of economics, about Hindu Economic thought we will discussed later on. 

b) Just Price:

    Hebrew economics Thoughts has given emphasizes on just price theory, false weight and adulteration of articles of composition was major problem so they have employed lots of laws and regulation to control it. Speculation and monopoly were strictly prohibited. If some one raises market prices for speculative means was disappointed by law.

Retailers profit ceiling were fixed already they are not allowed to exceed the limit of sixteen and two third percent. Those time export of foods and grains were prohibited and during the times of famine and scarcity hoarding of food and grain was not permitted. So correct weight correct price and good quality of food and grain supposed to supply within reasonable price without exceeding limit of profit.

c)Labor And Wages : 

    In this time labor were highly recognized and they are considered as a key part of particular business like agriculture. Wages workers were paid by good wages, the are not regulated by certain rules. Workers and employee are not regulated different laws.

Organizational behavior as a system and it's assumption

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Features of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship consists of following features

a. Creation of new ventures.

b. Hard work

c. Assumptions of risk

d. Reaping of rewards.

Let us describe it,

a) Creation of New Venture:

Entrepreneurship is concerned with creation of new venture with new ideas. Generally, such ventures start as a small business. Such ventures satisfy unfulfilled needs in the market. They produce something new of value. They create new market and new customers.  

Opportunity for new venture are identified and evaluated through environmental analysis. Inventions are transformed into innovation that results in new products of process

fig:

b) Hard Work

Entrepreneurship requires hard work and commitment through devotion of time and efforts. Hard work with enthusiasm is needed to make new ideas work. A business plan s developed. Resource requirement are determined and acquired. The new venture is effectively managed. Most entrepreneurs start as owner-managers. They have  deep sense of personal responsibility. They have high level of energy

Decision Process of Entrepreneurship

The entrepreneurship decision process consists of the following stages:

1. Conduct Opportunity Analysis
2. Develop Business Plan
3. Set-up the Venture (Start up)
4. Acquire Financial Resources
5. Implement Business Plan  

1. Conduct Opportunity Analysis:

 The entrepreneurship generates new business ideas through opportunity analysis. A promising opportunity of value is identified and selected.

2. Develop Business Plan:

A business plan is developed as a road map of a new venture it describes the venture. It sets the goal to be achieved it states the process and technology to be used. It identifies the target market. It determines product, price, distribution and promotion aspects. It describes finance and management aspects. Critical risks are assessed. Milestones are sets for implementation.

3. Set-up the Venture (Start Up):

The New venture is established. The legal aspects of the venture is determined. The legal form can be proprietorship, partnership and company. Site for the venture is selected. The scope can be service, manufacturing, construction, infrastructural activities.
4. Acquire Financial Resources:
Various options available for financing the new venture are examined. Early stage funding can be from self, family, friends and government sources. Growth stage funding an be debt from financial institutions or public offer of shares.
5. Implement Business Plan:
The venture is organized. Human resources are acquired and developed. The entrepreneur builds a management team. The value of intellectual property consisting of patents, trademark and copyright is protected. An e-business strategy is developed. The new venture becomes operational.